Why is streptomycin not given in TB?
Streptomycin can cause loss of hearing, which can become permanent if treatment levels are continued. The risk of hearing loss is higher in patients with kidney damage. Streptomycin can worsen kidney damage, although this is generally reversible if treatment is stopped.
Where is drug-resistant TB most common?
The countries with the largest numbers of MDR/RR-TB cases (47% of the global total) were China, India and the Russian Federation. It is estimated that about 6.2% of these cases were XDR-TB.
How did TB become resistant to antibiotics?
Like other bacterial pathogens, Mycobacterium tuberculosis—the bacterium that causes TB—has developed resistance to antibiotic treatments over time via chromosomal mutations that protect the organism against the action of the drugs.
What is streptomycin resistant?
More recently, mutations in rRNA genes have been found to be associated with in vivo acquired drug resistance in bacterial pathogens, e.g., in Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to streptomycin (10); most of the mutations found mapped to the 530 region of 16S rRNA (15, 27).
Is streptomycin used today?
Streptomycin is the first discovered aminoglycoside antibiotic, originally isolated from the bacteria Streptomyces griseus. It is now primarily used as part of the multi-drug treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.
Is streptomycin a first line TB drug?
TB can be treated effectively by using first line drugs (FLD) isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), pyrazinamide (PZA), ethambutol (EMB) and streptomycin (SM). However, this first line therapy often fails to cure TB for several reasons.
Which two countries have seen the most XDR-TB cases?
In 2020, the 30 high TB burden countries accounted for 86% of new TB cases. Eight countries account for two thirds of the total, with India leading the count, followed by China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh and South Africa.
How many countries worldwide have totally antibiotic resistant tuberculosis?
To date, 100 countries worldwide have reported at least one case of extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) (MDR-TB plus resistance to any fluoroquinolone and any second-line injectable drug) [11].
Is S. aureus resistant to streptomycin?
Antibiotic susceptibility of S. aureus isolates, the percentage of isolates resistant to Oxacillin (OX), Ampicillin (AMP), Ciprofloxacin (CIP), Tetracycline (TET), Streptomycin (SMN), Erythromycin, (ERY) and Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim (SXT) was 17, 13, 9, 28, 89, 13 and 11% respectively.
Why is Staphylococcus resistant to streptomycin?
High-level resistance to streptomycin exhibited by many early clinical isolates of S. aureus was due to chromosomal mutations affecting ribosome affinity. Low-level resistance was usually indicative of small multicopy RC plasmids, such as pS194, which carries the streptomycin adenyltransferase-encoding gene str.
Why is streptomycin so effective?
Streptomycin is an effective antibiotic because its structure is similar to that of the anticodons that would usually bind to the ribosome. Streptomycin is significant because it was the first antibiotic that could treat tuberculosis. Over time, bacteria have become resistant to streptomycin.
Is streptomycin still available?
Since the fall of 1991, streptomycin (SM) and para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) (antimicrobial agents used to treat tuberculosis (TB)) have been unavailable in the United States.
Why is streptomycin not given IV?
Given the re-emergence of tuberculosis and the limited number of anti-tuberculous drugs, the use of streptomycin has gained renewed interest. Streptomycin is administered by deep intramuscular injections and, in both Europe and the USA, the manufacturers do not recommend intravenous administration.
WHO TB drug resistant?
Extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR TB) is a rare type of MDR TB that is resistant to isoniazid and rifampin, plus any fluoroquinolone and at least one of three injectable second-line drugs (i.e., amikacin, kanamycin, or capreomycin). Treating and curing drug-resistant TB is complicated.
What countries have the highest burden of multidrug resistant TB What do you think explains this pattern?
Global distribution of the MDR-TB burden India, China, the Russian Federation, the Philippines, Pakistan and South Africa had, in that order, the highest number of MDR-TB patients, and they accounted for more than two-thirds of the cases from the 30 countries.
What do we know about drug-resistant tuberculosis in South Africa?
The emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is of major concern to TB control in South Africa. A countrywide survey in 2002 revealed that 1.8% of all new TB patients and 6.7% of TB patients who had undergone previous treatment had multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB (resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin) (1).
What is the prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (TB)?
A countrywide survey in 2002 revealed that 1.8% of all new TB patients and 6.7% of TB patients who had undergone previous treatment had multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB (resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin) ( 1 ).
How many drug-susceptible tuberculosis (TB) isolates were collected in 2009?
A convenience sample of 309 drug-susceptible and 342 multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB isolates, collected July 2008–July 2009, were characterized by spoligotyping, DNA fingerprinting, insertion site mapping, and targeted DNA sequencing.
Is there a baseline drug-resistance prevalence in West Africa?
Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is a global public health problem. Adequate management requires baseline drug-resistance prevalence data. In West Africa, due to a poor laboratory infrastructure and inadequate capacity, such data are scarce.