What is bacterial fusion?
Bacterial cells from different species can combine into unique hybrid cells by fusing their cell walls and membranes and sharing cellular contents, including proteins and ribonucleic acid (RNA), the molecules which regulate gene expression and control cell metabolism.
How are bacteria classified based on their shape?
Bacteria are classified into five groups according to their basic shapes: spherical (cocci), rod (bacilli), spiral (spirilla), comma (vibrios) or corkscrew (spirochaetes). They can exist as single cells, in pairs, chains or clusters.
What are the mechanisms of infection?
Microbes enter the body through ingestion, inhalation, direct contact, cutaneous penetration, and ascending infection and then encounter epithelial cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes of barriers formed by mucosae, mucocutaneous junctions, or skin.
What are obligate intracellular bacteria?
Obligate intracellular bacteria require a host cell in which to replicate, depending on a multitude of adaptative strategies to overcome antibacterial responses and successfully establish infection. Many members of this group are pathogenic to humans (e.g., Coxiella burnetti, Chlamydia …
What is multiple fission?
multiple fission. n. Division of the nucleus, simultaneously or successively, into a number of daughter nuclei, followed by division of the cell body into an equal number of parts, each containing a nucleus. Slang.
Why is binary fission an advantageous way for bacteria to reproduce?
Binary fission as a means of reproduction has a number of benefits, chief among them is the ability to reproduce in high numbers at a very rapid rate. Since binary fission produces identical cells, bacteria can become more genetically varied through recombination, which involves the transfer of genes between cells.
What are the virulence factors of bacteria?
Virulence factors are the molecules that assist the bacterium colonize the host at the cellular level. These factors are either secretory, membrane associated or cytosolic in nature. The cytosolic factors facilitate the bacterium to undergo quick adaptive—metabolic, physiological and morphological shifts.
What is the difference between intracellular and extracellular bacteria?
Bacteria have historically been divided into two distinct groups: extracellular bacteria, which exist as free-living organisms in their environmental niches, and intracellular bacteria, which infect and replicate inside host cells.
Is E coli intracellular or extracellular?
Most of the pathogenic E. coli strains remain extracellular, but EIEC is a true intracellular pathogen that is capable of invading and replicating within epithelial cells and macrophages. Other E. coli strains might be internalized by epithelial cells at low levels, but do not seem to replicate intracellularly.
What is the advantage of multiple fission?
Answer: The Multiple Fission is an asexual mode of reproduction in the parasites, where they produce inside a cell. Major advantages include: It provides the ability to a parasite to live and survive in unfavorable conditions and harmful situation. It helps malaria parasite to produce largely simultaneously.
What is another name for multiple fission?
In the apicomplexans, a phylum of parasitic protists, multiple fission, or schizogony, is manifested either as merogony, sporogony or gametogony.
What are the advantages of multiple fission?
The Multiple Fission is an asexual mode of reproduction in the parasites, where they produce inside a cell. Major advantages include: It provides the ability to a parasite to live and survive in unfavorable conditions and harmful situation. It helps malaria parasite to produce largely simultaneously.
Why is it important to know if bacteria is gram-positive or negative?
Knowing whether bacteria is Gram-positive or Gram-negative can help your provider identify the type of infection you have and which antibiotics will be most effective in treating it.
Why is it important to differentiate between gram-positive and gram-negative?
The gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet colour and stain purple whereas the gram-negative bacteria lose crystal violet and stain red. Thus, the two types of bacteria are distinguished by gram staining. Gram-negative bacteria are more resistant to antibodies because their cell wall is impenetrable.
What are the 5 basic modes of transmission of infection?
Modes of transmission
- Direct. Direct contact. Droplet spread.
- Indirect. Airborne. Vehicleborne. Vectorborne (mechanical or biologic)
How serious is bacterial endocarditis?
Bacterial endocarditis is an infection of the heart’s inner lining or heart valves. It’s a serious condition that needs to be treated right away. Endocarditis can cause serious complications. It can also lead to death. See a healthcare provider right away if you have any symptoms of endocarditis.
What causes bacterial endocarditis?
Two kinds of bacteria cause most cases of bacterial endocarditis. These are staphylococci (staph) and streptococci (strep). You may be at increased risk for bacterial endocarditis if you have certain heart valve problems. This gives the bacteria an easier place to take hold and grow.
What are the different types of endocarditis?
There are two types: Acute endocarditis is a febrile illness that rapidly damages cardiac structures and spreads hematogenously which can progress to death within weeks if not treated.
What is the prognosis of bacterial endocarditis relapse?
Patients with relapse of native valve endocarditis following completion of appropriate antimicrobial therapy should be considered for surgery. [6][7][8] The prognosis for patients with bacterial endocarditis depends on the age, number of valves infected, comorbidity, number of other organs affected and any neurological deficit.